Comparison of extraction techniques for the isolation of explosives and their degradation products from soil |
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| Authors: | Ivana Ungrádová Milada Vávrová Michaela Stoupalová Ludmila Mravcová |
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| Institution: | 1. Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment , Faculty of Science, Masaryk University , Kamenice 126/3, 62500 Brno , Czech Republic;2. Department of Veterinary Ecology and Environment Protection , Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno , Palackeho 1/3, 61242 Brno , Czech Republic;3. Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection , Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology , Purkynova 118, 61200 Brno , Czech Republic;4. Department of Veterinary Ecology and Environment Protection , Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno , Palackeho 1/3, 61242 Brno , Czech Republic;5. Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection , Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology , Purkynova 118, 61200 Brno , Czech Republic |
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| Abstract: | A comparison of four extraction techniques used for the isolation of 14 explosive compounds (Method 8330-Explosives) from spiked soil samples is described. Soxhlet warm extraction (SWE), pressurized solvent extraction (PSE), microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) were included. The effects of basic extraction conditions – i.e. type of extraction solvent, temperature, pressure, and extraction time – were investigated. The best extraction recovery of the monitored compounds from spiked soil was obtained using pressurized solvent extraction. Recoveries of explosives using the PSE technique were in the range from 65 to 112%. Extraction recoveries by Soxhlet warm extraction and supercritical fluid extraction reached 65–99% and 52–75%, respectively. The lowest extraction recoveries (28–65%) were obtained using microwave assisted extraction. A very low extraction recovery for tetryl was observed in all cases but the best results were achieved by pressurized solvent extraction (58%). |
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| Keywords: | explosives soil Soxhlet warm extraction (SWE) pressurized solvent extraction (PSE) microwave assisted extraction (MAE) supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) |
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