A Revised Periodic Table: With the Lanthanides Repositioned |
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Authors: | Email author" target="_blank">Michael?LaingEmail author |
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Institution: | (1) School of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Natal, Durban, 4041, Republic of South Africa |
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Abstract: | The lanthanide elements from lanthanum to lutetium inclusive are incorporated into the body of the periodic table. They are
subdivided into three sub-groups according to their important oxidation states: La to Sm, Eu to Tm, Yb and Lu, so that Eu
and Yb fall directly below Ba; La, Gd, Lu form a column directly below Y; Ce and Tb fall in a vertical line between Zr and
Hf. Pm falls below Tc; both are radioactive, and not naturally occurring. The elements with easily attained 2+ and 4+ oxidation states are grouped and clearly differentiated. Gadolinium has an important position as the centre of four triads
in the block of elements that surround it– La, Gd, Lu; Ba, Gd, Hf; Eu, Gd, Tb; Yb, Gd, Ce. This new arrangement has the advantages
of compactness, simplicity and clarity – there are no tie lines; and important oxidation states of these metals are emphasized.
The actinides are also accommodated within this system, and element 114 falls naturally below lead in Group 14. |
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