封闭和半封闭通风空间的环境流体问题

半封闭与全封闭空间的环境流体力学包括系统内的空气流动、 温度和湿度分布以及污染物的凝积等问题, 其中涉及控制空间的空气质量、 通风设计以及预防水汽凝结等多个方面的研究. 本文着重介绍国内外近年来相关的工作, 研究如何从理论分析、实验研究以及数值模拟等方面入手, 解决通风问题, 以达到获得高通风效率、低能耗和提高空气舒适度的目的. 研究的对象包括房间, 建筑物, 城市等半封闭空间, 以及汽车、 地铁、 飞机、潜艇、载人航天飞行器等不同程度的全封闭空间. 现有的理论研究已经从解释单点源纯浮力对流的基础模型发展到能够描述具有体积流量和动量流量的扩散流的湍流喷泉模型. 然而, 理论研究上的进步还不足以使它能够处理实际问题中多样的通风情况和复杂的空间结构, 工程应用中还需更多依靠实验研究和数值模拟的结论. 对载人航天飞行器中的环境流体问题的研究虽然刚刚起步, 但其研究手段和经验可以从相对成熟的半封闭与全封闭空间的相关研究中获得借 鉴.

ENVIRONMENTAL FLUID DYNAMICS IN SEMI-HERMETIC AND HERMETIC VENTILATED SYSTEMS

Environmental fluid dynamics in semi-hermetic and hermetic ventilated systems, including air motion, temperature and moisture distribution and contaminant condensation, is a widely concerned subject because of its applications in monitoring indoor air quality, designing ventilation system and avoiding vapor condensation. This paper reviews the related theoretical, numerical and experimental researches for high ventilation efficiency, low energy costs and more air comfort in practice. They involve both semi-hermetic systems (room, building and city) and hermetic systems (car, subway, plane, submarine and manned space capsule). The current theoretical models were developed from the basic plume theory with a single source to complicated turbulent fountain models with buoyancy fluxes from the plume sources and momentum fluxes from the fountain sources. However, the theoretical analysis is incapable of dealing with practical problems in situations such as of multiple ventilations and multiple geometric structures, so most engineering applications tend to rely on experiments and numerical simulations. It is worth mentioning that researches on environmental fluid dynamics in manned space capsules, although just in a beginning stage, can use the matured research strategies and techniques in related semi-hermetic and hermetic systems.