Contact forces in anisotropic frictional granular materials |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Physics, University of Sargodha Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan;2. University of management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan;3. Institute of Bio-Sensing Technology, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK;4. Department of physics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan;1. School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China;2. Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China;1. Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1597, USA;2. Korean Atomic Energy Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea;3. National Fusion Research Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea;1. School of Engineering and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), 100083 Beijing, China;2. School of Earth Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia;1. Department of Marine Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, NO-7491, Norway;2. Oil and Gas, SINTEF Ocean, Trondheim, NO-7052, Norway;1. Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia;2. Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia |
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| Abstract: | The probability density functions (PDFs) of contact forces in anisotropic, cohesionless and frictional granular materials are studied numerically and theoretically. Using discrete element simulations of biaxial deformation of a large two-dimensional assembly consisting of 200,000 disks, it is observed that the PDFs for the normal and tangential components of the contact forces depend significantly on contact orientation. The PDFs exhibit exponential decay and the PDF for the tangential component of the contact forces is not always symmetrical with respect to zero tangential force. The shape of the PDF for the normal component of the contact forces changes with shear strain. A qualitative explanation for this change is given that is related to the biaxial deformation mechanism in which the disrupted contacts are predominantly oriented in the direction of the minor principle stress.A maximum entropy method is employed to study these PDFs theoretically, using a prescribed stress tensor as constraint. It is found that the theoretical results correspond qualitatively to many of the results obtained from the discrete element simulations. Discrepancies between theory and simulations are attributed to the fact that the kinematics have not been taken into account in the theory. |
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