列车碰撞被动安全性与司乘人员冲击生物损伤研究进展

尽管铁路客运列车具有系列的主动安全保障措施，但列车服役中的意外碰撞事故仍不能完全避免，并且一旦发生，将造成严重的人员伤亡和巨大的经济损失。随着列车运行速度的不断提高，列车碰撞安全与冲击防护问题愈发受到关注和重视，并已开展了大量的探索和研究。本文中综述了列车碰撞被动安全性与司乘人员冲击生物损伤的若干研究进展。首先，统计和梳理了近些年的列车碰撞事故，分析了典型列车碰撞事故中存活人员的生物损伤分布情况；其次，介绍了列车碰撞被动安全性的研究方法，总结了列车碰撞后的响应姿态与脱轨机理；然后，从车辆耐撞性设计与评价标准、基于多级能量耗散的吸能结构设计、基于碰撞能量管理的列车结构耐撞性设计三个方面，详细阐述了列车碰撞被动安全性的研究进展；最后，关注了司乘人员在列车碰撞过程中的冲击生物损伤，总结了相关减轻司机和乘客生物损伤的防护措施。

Recentadvances in the collision passive safety of trains and impact biological damage of drivers and passengers

Despite a series of active safety precautions have been adopted by railway passenger trains, train collision accident cannot be completely eliminated in service, resulting in serious casualties and huge economic losses once it happened. With the continuous increase of train speed, the train collision safety and relevant impact protections have been paid more attention, and numerous related explorations have been carried out by domestic and foreign scholars. This paper reviews recent advances in the passive safety of train collisions and impact biological damage of drivers and passengers. First, the train collision accidents at home and abroad in recent years are summarized, and the biological damage distributions of survivals in a certain train collision accident are analyzed. Secondly, the main research approaches of collision passive safety of trains are illustrated, including numerical simulation, experimental investigation, and theoretical analysis, while the response attitudes and derailment mechanisms during the train collision process are outlined. Thirdly, the research progress of the collision passive safety of trains are elaborated, in terms of the design and evaluation standards of vehicle crashworthiness, energy-absorbing structural design based on multistage energy dissipation, train structural crashworthiness design based on collision energy management. Finally, the impact biological damage of drivers and passengers in train collisions are emphasized, and the related protective measures of reducing the biological damage of drivers and passengers are presented. Through the above overview, some suggestions are put forward for further studies: (1) the applicability of the existing crashworthiness standards for trains needs to be further explored under the increased train speed; (2) the theoretical study on train collision is still scarce, and the collision theory of high-speed train should be further developed; (3) how to effectively learn from and refer to the mature experience of the automobile collision still needs systematic and in-depth investigation; and (4) the design and evaluation method of train passive safety based on the impact biological damage of drivers and passengers should be explored.