Balancing particle properties for practical lithium-ion batteries

As a state-of-the-art secondary battery, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have dominated the consumer electronics market since Sony unveiled the commercial secondary battery with LiCoO₂ as the negative electrode material in the early 1990s. The key to the efficient operation of LIBs lies in the effective contact between the Li-ion-rich electrolyte and the active material particles in the electrode. The particle properties of the electrode materials affect the lithium ion diffusion path, diffusion resistance, contact area with the active material, the electrochemical performance and the energy density of batteries. To achieve satisfied comprehensive performance and of LIBs, it is not only necessary to focus on the modification of materials, but also to balance the properties of electrode material particles. Therefore, in this review, we analyze the influence of particle properties on the battery performance from three perspectives: particle size, particle size distribution, and particle shape. A deep understanding of the effect and mechanism of particles on electrodes and batteries will help develop and manufacture practical LIBs.