Effect of calcium substitution on structural,dielectric, ferroelectric,piezoelectric, and energy storage properties of BaTiO3

The effect of calcium substitution on the structural, dielectric, ferroelectric, piezoelectric, and energy storage properties of BaTiO₃ (BT) ceramics has been investigated. XRD confirmed the phase formation of Barium Calcium Titanate (BCT), and structural Rietveld refinement was used to estimate the lattice parameters. It is evident from the SEM data that the average grain size decreases as calcium is added. At Curie temperature (110 °C), BCT 0.10 ceramic has a good dielectric constant of 15834 and a very low dielectric loss of 0.009. According to the ferroelectric and piezoelectric investigations, BCT 0.10 exhibits maximum spontaneous polarization with the highest piezoelectric charge coefficient of 100 pC/N. BCT 0.10 has a maximum energy storage density of 96.8 mJ/cm³ and a good energy storage efficiency of 53.9%, which is around three times that of pure BaTiO₃. These results suggest that the BCT ceramic has good potential for energy storage applications.