A theoretical estimation of the pre-breakdown-heating time in the underwater discharge acoustic source

One of the common characteristics of the electrothermal breakdown in an underwater discharge acoustic source (UDAS) is the existence of a pre-breakdown-heating phase. In our experiment, two phenomena were observed:(1) the breakdown time that takes on high randomicity and obeys a 'double-peak' stochastic distribution; (2) the higher salt concentration that reduces the residual voltage and causes 100% non-breakdown. The mechanism of electrothermal breakdown is analysed. To specify the end of the pre-breakdown-heating phase, a 'border boiling' assumption is proposed, in which the breakdown time is assumed to be the time needed to heat the border water around the initial arc to 773 K. Based on this 'border boiling' assumption, the numerical simulation is performed to evaluate the effects of two heating mechanisms:the Joule heating from the ionic current, and the radiation heating from the initial arc. The simulation results verify the theoretical explanations to these two experiment phenomena:(1) the stochastic distribution of the radius of the initial arc results in the randomicity of the breakdown time; (2) the difference in efficiency between the radiation heating and the Joule heating determines that, in the case of higher salt concentration, more energy will be consumed in the pre-breakdown-heating phase.