Studies of K-shell x-ray energy shifts induced by MeV/u heavy ions

This paper reports that the $K$ x-ray spectra of the thin target $_{47}$Ag, $_{48}$Cd, $_{49}$In and $_{50}$Sn were measured by an HPGe semi-conductor detector in collisions with 84.5~MeV $_6{\rm C}^{4+}$ ions. Our experiment revealed the $K\al$ x-ray energy shifts were not obvious and the $K\be_1$ x-ray energy shifts were about 90$\sim$110~eV. The simple model of Burch \emph{et al} has been previously used to calculate the $K$ x-ray energy shifts due to an additional vacancy in $2p$ orbit. The present work extends the model of Burch to calculate the x-ray energy shifts of multiple ionized atoms induced by heavy ions with kinetic energy of MeV/u. In addition to our experimental results, many other experimental results are compared with the calculated values by using the model.