Application of ultrasound in electrochemistry. An overview of mechanisms and design of experimental arrangement |
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Authors: | J Klima |
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Institution: | J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic |
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Abstract: | An overview of possible mechanisms by which sonication can influence electrochemical processes is given. Four mechanisms are discussed:- -
- acoustic streaming;
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- microstreaming and turbulence due to cavitation;
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- formation of microjets in the course of collapse of cavitation bubble;
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- shock waves;
and possible effects are illustrated on several examples. The most effective process is formation of microjets, which can not only decrease diffusion layer thickness under 1 μm, but also activate (depassivate) electrode surface. Design of experimental arrangement with maximum participation of microjets is proposed. Two approaches are proposed:- -
- focusing of ultrasound on the working electrode and reduction of energy losses by over-pressure;
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- “tuning” the reactor to obtain resonance, i.e. formation of stationary waves by activating reactor in its resonant mode.
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Keywords: | Sonoelectrochemistry Mechanism of sonochemical effect Microjets Acoustic streaming Sono-electrochemical cell design |
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