Applications of LIBS for determination of ionic species (NaCl) in electrical cables for investigation of electrical breakdown |
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Authors: | M A Gondal M H Shwehdi and A A I Khalil |
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Institution: | (1) Institute of Environmental Science & Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Tamiz Ud din Road, Rawalpindi, Pakistan;(2) Laser Research Laboratory, Physics Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Box 372, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia; |
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Abstract: | The formation of water trees in high-voltage cables can wreak havoc to power systems. The water tree is produced within the
high voltage cable insulator when impurities like sodium and magnesium present in the insulating material react with moist
soil to form chlorides. This water tree causes electrical breakdown by short circuiting the metallic conductor and the earth.
In this paper we use laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) to detect the potentially dangerous elements that form the
water tree in the insulating cable. The LIBS system used for this work consists of the fundamental (1064 nm) of a Nd:YAG laser,
four spectrometer modules that cover the visible and near-UV spectral ranges and an ICCD camera with proper delay and gating
sequence. With this arrangement we were able to measure the elemental concentrations of trace metals present in the insulating
cable. The concentrations measured with our LIBS system were counter checked by a standard technique like inductively coupled
plasma (ICP) emission spectrometry. The maximum concentrations for ionic species such as Ba (455.40 nm), Ca (393.36 nm), Cr
(267.71 nm), Fe (259.94 nm), Cl (542.3 nm), Mg (516.7 nm), Mn (257.61 nm), Na (589.59 nm) and Ti (334.18 nm) are 20.6, 43.2,
1.6, 148.4, 24.2, 22.1, 4.2, 39.56 and 4.35 ppm, respectively. The relative accuracy of our LIBS system for various elements
as compared with the ICP method is in the range of 0.03–0.6 at 2.5% error confidence. |
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