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Bio-refinery of orange peels waste: A new concept based on integrated green and solvent free extraction processes using ultrasound and microwave techniques to obtain essential oil,polyphenols and pectin
Institution:1. Laboratoire des Sciences et Techniques de l’Environnement (LSTE), Ecole Nationale Polytechnique, 10 Avenue Hacène Badi, BP 182, El Harrach, 16200 Alger, Algeria;2. Avignon University, INRA, UMR408, GREEN Extraction Team, F-84000 Avignon, France;1. Università degli Studi Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, dell’Energia dell’Ambiente e dei Materiali, via Graziella, loc. Feo di Vito, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy;2. Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Edile e Ambientale, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy;3. Politecnico di Milano, DICA Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Ambientale, Piazza L.da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy;1. UR11ES44, Ecophysiologie et Procédés Agroalimentaires, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Sidi Thabet, Université de la Mannouba, BP-66, 2020 Ariana-Tunis, Tunisia;2. Université de Lorraine, ENSAIA - Laboratoire d’Ingénierie de biomolécules (LIBio), 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, Vandoeuvre Cedex 54518, France
Abstract:In this study, extraction of essential oil, polyphenols and pectin from orange peel has been optimized using microwave and ultrasound technology without adding any solvent but only “in situ” water which was recycled and used as solvent. The essential oil extraction performed by Microwave Hydrodiffusion and Gravity (MHG) was optimized and compared to steam distillation extraction (SD). No significant changes in yield were noticed: 4.22 ± 0.03% and 4.16 ± 0.05% for MHG and SD, respectively. After extraction of essential oil, residual water of plant obtained after MHG extraction was used as solvent for polyphenols and pectin extraction from MHG residues. Polyphenols extraction was performed by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and conventional extraction (CE). Response surface methodology (RSM) using central composite designs (CCD) approach was launched to investigate the influence of process variables on the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). The statistical analysis revealed that the optimized conditions of ultrasound power and temperature were 0.956 W/cm2 and 59.83 °C giving a polyphenol yield of 50.02 mg GA/100 g dm. Compared with the conventional extraction (CE), the UAE gave an increase of 30% in TPC yield. Pectin was extracted by conventional and microwave assisted extraction. This technique gives a maximal yield of 24.2% for microwave power of 500 W in only 3 min whereas conventional extraction gives 18.32% in 120 min. Combination of microwave, ultrasound and the recycled “in situ” water of citrus peels allow us to obtain high added values compounds in shorter time and managed to make a closed loop using only natural resources provided by the plant which makes the whole process intensified in term of time and energy saving, cleanliness and reduced waste water.
Keywords:Green extraction  Bio-refinery  Microwave  Ultrasound  Essential oil  Polyphenol
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