Designing and characterizing a multi-stepped ultrasonic horn for enhanced sonochemical performance |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, 470 Hitchcock Hall, 2070 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;2. ETREMA Products, Inc., 2500 North Loop Drive, Ames, IA 50010, USA;3. College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, 149 Jiaogong Road, Hangzhou 310035, China;1. Laboratory for Water and Turbine Machines, University of Ljubljana, A?ker?eva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;2. Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cavitation and Micro-Erosion, Drittes Physikalisches Institut Universität Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;1. Future Environmental Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju 660-844, Republic of Korea;2. School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia;3. Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 730-701, Republic of Korea;1. Institut UTINAM – UMR UFC CNRS 6213, Sonochemistry and Surfaces Reactivity, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon 25000, France;2. Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia;3. School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia;1. Institut Universitari d’Electroquímica i Departament de Química Física, Universitat d’Alacant, Apartat 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain;2. Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, United States;3. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, United States |
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| Abstract: | The commonly used ultrasonic horn generates localized cavitation below its converging tip resulting in a dense bubble cloud near the tip and limiting diffusion of reactive components into the bubble cloud or reactive radicals out of the bubble cloud. To improve contact between reactive components, a novel ultrasonic horn design was developed based on the principles of the dynamic wave equation. The horn, driven at 20 kHz, has a multi-stepped design with a cone-shaped tip increasing the energy-emitting surface areas and creating multiple reactive zones. Through different physical and chemical experiments, performance of the horn was compared to a typical horn driven at 20 kHz. Hydrophone measurements showed high acoustic pressure areas around the horn neck and tip. Sonochemiluminescence experiments verified multiple cavitation zones consistent with hydrophone readings. Calorimetry and dosimetry results demonstrated a higher energy efficiency (31.3%) and a larger hydroxyl radical formation rate constant (0.36 μM min?1) compared to typical horns. In addition, the new horn degraded naphthalene faster than the typical horn tested. The characterization results demonstrate that the multi-stepped horn configuration has the potential to improve the performance of ultrasound as an advanced oxidation technology by increasing the cavitation zone in the solution. |
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| Keywords: | Multi-stepped Hydrophone Sonochemiluminescence Calorimetry Dosimetry Sonolysis |
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