Experimental study for the production cross sections of positron emitters induced from 12C and 16O nuclei by low-energy proton beams |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Radiation Physics, Hyogo Ion Beam Medical Center, 1-2-1 Kouto Shingu-cho, Tatsuno City, Hyogo 679-5165, Japan;2. Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadao-ka, Suita City, Osaka 566-0871, Japan;3. Department of Radiation Oncology, Hyogo Ion Beam Medical Center, 1-2-1 Kouto Shingu-cho, Tatsuno City, Hyogo 679-5165, Japan;4. Research and Development Department, Medical Systems Division, Shimadzu Corporation, 1 Nishinokyo-kuwabaracho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8511, Japan;5. Photo Medical Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 8-1 Umemidai Kizugawa City, Kyoto 619-0215, Japan;1. Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/University of Toronto, ON, Canada;2. Department of Biostatistics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/University of Toronto, ON, Canada;3. Department of Radiation Oncology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland;1. Institute of Physics, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam;2. Faculty of Physics, Hanoi National University of Education, Xuan Thuy 136, Cau Giay, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam;1. National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, RU-115409 Moscow, Russia;2. University of Florence, Department of Physics and Astronomy, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy;3. University of Naples “Federico II”, Department of Physics, I-80126 Naples, Italy;4. INFN Sezione di Naples, I-80126 Naples, Italy;5. Lebedev Physical Institute, RU-119991 Moscow, Russia;6. University of Bari, Department of Physics, I-70126 Bari, Italy;7. INFN Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy;8. INFN Sezione di Trieste, I-34149 Trieste, Italy;9. Ioffe Physical Technical Institute, RU-194021 St. Petersburg, Russia;10. KTH, Department of Physics and the Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova University Centre, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden;11. INFN Sezione di Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, I-00133 Rome, Italy;12. RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan;13. IFAC, I-50019 Fiorentino, Florence, Italy;14. University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, Department of Physics, I-00133 Rome, Italy;15. Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00044 Frascati, Italy;p. University of Trieste, Department of Physics, I-34147 Trieste, Italy;q. INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, I-00044 Frascati, Italy;r. Universitaet Siegen, Department of Physics, D-57068 Siegen, Germany;s. INFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy;t. Indian Centre for Space Physics, Kolkata 700084, India;1. Institute for Nuclear Research, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, Prospect Nauki 47, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine;2. Physics Department, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4350, USA;3. H. Niewodniczański Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Radzikowskiego 152, PL-31-342 Cracow, Poland;4. Kharkiv National University, pl. Svobody 4, 61077 Kharkiv, Ukraine;5. National Center for Nuclear Reseaches, ul. Hoża 69, PL-00-681 Warsaw, Poland;6. Heavy Ion Laboratory of Warsaw University, ul. L. Pasteura 5A, PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland;7. Taras Shevchenko National University, ul. Volodymyrska 64, 01033 Kyiv, Ukraine |
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| Abstract: | In proton therapy, positron emitters are induced from 12C and 16O nuclei by protons on the beam path in the patient. Many studies for monitoring positron emitters with beam-induced PET technique have been performed by various groups to verify the proton beam range and the dose in the patient for quality assurance (QA). The QA methods proposed by some groups require accurate production cross sections of the positron emitters produced by protons, especially in the low-energy region. The aim of this study was to develop a method for measuring the production cross sections of positron emitters using standard equipment for proton therapy, and to measure the cross sections of positron emitters produced by low-energy protons and verify them in comparison with data of previous experiments. An 80-MeV proton beam was produced by a synchrotron, and the energy was degraded by polyethylene blocks to obtain various beam energies. The number of protons was estimated from the charge induced in a parallel-plate ionization chamber by protons. Low-energy protons of 14–70 MeV were used to bombard 12C-rich and 16O-rich target materials: namely, polyethylene and gelatinous water. The time-activity curve was then measured by a high-sensitivity PET scanner to extract the number of positron emitters produced in the target. The production cross sections for four reaction channels: 16O(p, pn)15O, 16O(p, 3p3n)11C, 16O(p, 2p2n)13N, and 12C(p, pn)11C were then measured. The cross sections for the 16O(p, pn)15O reaction channel were consistent with data of previous experiments within the uncertainties, while those of 12C(p, pn)11C were generally lower than data of previous experiments. These results suggested that further measurements of the production cross sections will be necessary. |
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| Keywords: | Production cross section Positron emitter Proton therapy PET |
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