Comparison of typical mega cities in China using emergy synthesis |
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| Authors: | LX Zhang B Chen ZF Yang GQ Chen MM Jiang GY Liu |
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| Institution: | 1. State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing 100875, China;2. National Laboratory for Complex Systems and Turbulence, Department of Mechanics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;1. School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China;2. Department of Science and Technology, “Parthenope” University of Napoli, Napoli, Italy;3. School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China;1. State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China;2. Beijing Engineering Research Center for Watershed Environmental Restoration & Integrated Ecological Regulation, Beijing 100875, China;3. Post-graduation Program in Production Engineering, Paulista University, Brazil;4. University of Naples ‘Parthenope’, Department of Science and Technology, Centro Direzionale, Isola, C4, 80143 Naples, Italy;1. School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China;2. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;3. Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;1. Department of Science and Technology, “Parthenope” University of Naples, Italy;2. School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, China;1. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China;2. China Institute for Urban Governance, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang, Shanghai, 200240, PR China;3. Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai. 200092, PR China |
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| Abstract: | An emergy-based comparison analysis is conducted for three typical mega cities in China, i.e., Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, from 1990 to 2005 in four perspectives including emergy intensity, resource structure, environmental pressure and resource use efficiency. A new index of non-renewable emergy/money ratio is established to indicate the utilization efficiency of the non-renewable resources. The results show that for the three mega urban systems, Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, the total emergy inputs were 3.76E+23, 3.54E+23, 2.52E+23 sej in 2005, of which 64.88%, 91.45% and 72.28% were imported from the outsides, respectively. As to the indicators of emergy intensity involving the total emergy use, emergy density and emergy use per cap, three cities exhibited similar overall increase trends with annual fluctuations from 1990 to 2005. Shanghai achieved the highest level of economic development and non-renewable resource use efficiency, and meanwhile, lower proportion of renewable resource use and higher environmental pressure compared to those of Beijing and Guangzhou. Guangzhou has long term sustainability considering an amount of local renewable resources used, per capita emergy used, energy consumption per unit GDP and the ratio of waste to renewable emergy. It can be concluded that different emergy-based evaluation results arise from different geographical locations, resources endowments, industrial structures and urban orientations of the concerned mega cities. |
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