制造业集聚对劳动生产率影响的区域差异和产业差异

我国制造业由90年代开始急速向东部地区集聚,但近几年这种集聚态势有所减弱,甚至有一些东部地区行业向其他地区进行了转移,产业集聚存在区域差异导致这种现象的根本原因.并针对产业的行业差异给出产业转移建议.利用我国2007-2009年29个省、市、自治区(不包括青海和西藏)四位码制造业数据探索产业外部性对劳动生产率的影响及这种影响的区域差异和产业差异,有如下发现:首先,"地方化经济"的可分解为"就业密度"和"竞争程度".计量结果表明:1)地区差异:就全国样本来说,就业密度对劳动生产率有正向影响,但对东部地区的影响由2007年的显著正向影响转变为2009年的影响不显著.竞争程度对劳动生产率有正向影响,但2007-2009年三年间,其对东部地区的影响均小于对内陆地区的影响.表明东部地区已经逐步丧失考劳动力集聚所得到的优势,且竞争的负面影响有所显现,2)行业差异:竞争程度对劳动生产率的影响因行业而不同,劳动密集型行业受到竞争程度的正向影响更大,而资本密集型行业受到竞争程度的正向影响较小,即同行业的集聚对劳动密集型行业有利,而对资本密集型行业影响较小,这也是创新点之一.最后,对计量结果进行了现实性分析并提出政策建议,建议劳动密集型行业由东部向中部转移,因为东部已失去了单纯靠劳动力数目提高劳动生产率的优势,并且东部地区企业竞争的负面效应有所显现,同时中部地区也有能力做好承接工作,但是这还要建立在中部加速自身发展和建设的基础之上.

The Difference in Regions and Sectors of the Effect of Manufacturing Industrial Agglomeration on Labor Productivity

Industries have increasingly agglomerated in the coastal region since the 1990s in China,but the agglomerating situation has been weakened in recent years,and this paper believes that industrial externality is the source of industrial agglomeration.Using 2007- 2009 data of four-digit manufacturing industries at the provincial level,we explore the close relationship between the cause(industrial externality) and the effect(labor productivity) of industrial agglomeration,we have made a case study and the findings are as follows,firstly,we derive the formula and find that localization economy has positive effect on labor productivity, Secondly,we find the two indicators of localization economy(industrial employment density and the degree of competition) both have positive effects on labor productivity and differ in regions and industries,the degree of competition has more positive effect on labor concentrated industry,but less positive effect on capital-intensive industry.At last,according to the result, we put forward the policy proposal,labor concentrated industry should transfer from east to middle region.Because growth in the labor force no longer rise labor productivity in the east, and the negative aspects of the competition between enterprises are starting to appear,and middle region has the capability of accepting industrial transfer,but this also should be based on the development of economies and the construction of urban infrastructure.