Emerging materials for plasmon-assisted photoelectrochemical water splitting |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, N20 W10, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan;2. Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kandi, Hyderabad, 502285, India;3. Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan;1. School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, South Korea;2. School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia;3. Electrochemistry and Materials Group, Department of Chemistry, K.L.E. Institute of Technology, Gokul, Hubballi, 580030, Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, Karnataka, India;4. Soniya College of Pharmacy, Dharwad 580 002, Karnataka, India;5. Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (DCEE), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 452210012, United States;1. The Engineering Research Institute, Ulster University, Newtownabbey BT37 OQB, United Kingdom;2. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen''s University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, United Kingdom;3. Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, NUS Centre for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore, 117581, Singapore;1. Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China;2. Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China;3. Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clean Energy and Materials, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China;4. MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, The Key Lab of Low-Carbon Chemistry and Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China;5. College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China;1. Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, 43600, Malaysia;2. School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology UniversitiKebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, 43600, Malaysia;1. School of water and Environment, Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang''an University, Xi''an 710054, China;2. Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water–Retention Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China;3. School of land Engineering, Chang''an University, Xi''an 710054, China;4. School of Metallurgy and Environment, Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China;1. Laboratory of Inorganic Materials Chemistry (CMI), University of Namur, B-5000 Namur, Belgium;2. CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China;3. Namur Institute of Structured Matter (NISM), University of Namur, B-5000 Namur, Belgium;4. College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China;5. State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China;6. Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, Université Littoral Cote d’Opale, 145, Avenue Maurice Schuman, 59140 Dunkerque, France |
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| Abstract: | 
Energy production and environmental pollution are the two major problems the world is facing today. The depletion of fossil fuels and the emission of harmful gases into the atmosphere leads to the research on clean and renewable energy sources. In this context, hydrogen is considered an ideal fuel to meet global energy needs. Presently, hydrogen is produced from fossil fuels. However, the most desirable way is from clean and renewable energy sources, like water and sunlight. Sunlight is an abundant energy source for energy harvesting and utilization. Recent studies reveal that photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting has promise for solar to hydrogen (STH) conversion over the widely tested photocatalytic approach since hydrogen and oxygen gases can be quantified easily in PEC. For designing light-absorbing materials, semiconductors are the primary choice that undergoes excitation upon solar light irradiation to produce excitons (electron-hole pairs) to drive the electrolysis. Visible light active semiconductors are attractive to achieve high solar to chemical fuel conversion. However, pure semiconductor materials are far from practical applications because of charge carrier recombination, poor light-harvesting, and electrode degradation. Various heteronanostructures by the integration of metal plasmons overcome these issues. The incorporation of metal plasmons gained significance for improving the PEC water splitting performance. This review summarizes the possible main mechanisms such as plasmon-induced resonance energy transfer (PIRET), hot electron injection (HEI), and light scatting/trapping. It also deliberates the rational design of plasmonic structures for PEC water splitting. Furthermore, this review highlights the advantages of plasmonic metal-supported photoelectrodes for PEC water splitting. |
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| Keywords: | Photoelectrochemical water splitting Surface plasmon resonance Hetero-nanostructure Charge separation and transportation Semiconductors Metal plasmon |
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