A review of monitoring of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: An African perspective |
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| Institution: | 1. International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China;2. IJRC-PTS, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China;1. Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;2. State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China;3. Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China;4. Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies, Potsdam 14467, Germany;5. Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China;6. State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China;7. Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, 50130 Mikkeli, Finland;1. Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;2. Dep. of Physics and Astronomy, Università di Firenze and INFN-Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy;3. National Centre for Scientific Research (NCSR) “Demokritos”, 15341 Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece;4. Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Research Council, C/Jordi Girona, 08034 Barcelona, Spain;5. Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany;6. Organic Geochemistry Unit (OGU), School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock''s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK;7. Institute of Geography & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;1. South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Environmental Protection, No. 7 West Street, Yuancun, Guangzhou 510655, China;2. South China Environmental Monitoring & Analytical Center, No. 7 West Street, Yuancun, Guangzhou 510655, China |
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| Abstract: | In this review, we focus on the status of the monitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ambient air as well as in living (indoor) and working environments in Africa from 2000 to 2018. This is important as PAHs are ubiquitous in the environment and are known to be potentially carcinogenic. Aspects of sampling such as collection media for particle bound and gaseous PAHs are discussed. The efficiency and basic quality assurance data of commonly employed extraction techniques for separating target PAHs from sampling media using conventional solvent-based and emerging solvent-free approaches were also evaluated. Polyurethane foam and quartz fiber filters are generally the most commonly used collection media for gaseous and particle bound PAHs, respectively. A wide range of total PAH concentrations in ambient air has been reported across the continent of Africa, with the highest levels found at sampling sites close to high density traffic and industrial areas. A rapidly increasing population, commercial and industrial development, poor urban transportation infrastructure and the use of low quality oil products were the main causes of high total gas and particulate PAH concentrations (1.6–103 μg/m3) in West African port cities such as Cotonou, Benin. With regards to indoor environments, gas phase PAHs were detected at the highest total concentrations in rural areas ranging from 1 to 43 μg/m3 in Burundi with naphthalene being the most prevalent. Firewood burning was the major emission source in most developing countries and resulted in benzoa]pyrene concentrations above the European permissible risk level of 1 ng/m3. |
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| Keywords: | Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Air pollution PAH sampling PAH extraction PAH analysis Ambient air Africa |
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