大气颗粒物重金属元素分析技术研究进展

大气颗粒物已经成为当前大气环境首要污染物，而其中重金属由于具有非降解性和滞后性，严重威胁人类生命和自然环境，已成为当前研究热点。对分析大气颗粒物中重金属元素所用原子吸收光谱法、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法、电感耦合等离子体质谱法、荧光光谱法、中子活化法、辉光放电原子发射光谱法、微波等离子体原子发射光谱法和激光诱导击穿光谱法进行了综述，并尝试对这些技术的不足之处提出一些改进建议：连续光源原子吸收光谱法同时测定多种元素，原子发射光谱法直接测定颗粒物，高分辨率激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子质谱法测定固体样品，低散射同步加速荧光法测定大气颗粒物和k₀中子活化法测定对流层发射性元素。大气颗粒物重金属元素的时空分布差异和人类对环境空气质量要求的提高以及现代仪器科学技术的高速发展促使大气颗粒物重金属元素分析技术朝着实时、快速、检出限低、直接测定和操作简便的方向发展。

Research Progress in Analytical Technology for Heavy Metals in Atmospheric Particles

Atmospheric particles have become the primary atmospheric pollutions, of which the heavy metals, owing to non-degradability and hysteresis, a serious threat to human life and natural environment, have become a hot research issue currently. The analytical methods of heavy metals in atmospheric particles are summarized in the present review, including atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, neutron activation analysis, fluorescence spectrometry, glow discharge atomic emission spectrometry, microwave plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and laser induced breakdown spectroscopy, and some proposals are tried to make for improving the shortcomings of these technologies: continuum source Atomic absorption spectrometry for simultaneously measuring multi-elements, atomic emission spectrometry for direct determination of particulates, high resolution laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for determination of solid samples, low scattering synchrotron fluorescence spectrum for determination of atmospheric particulate matter and k₀ neutron activation analysis for determination of radioactive elements in the troposphere. Analysis techniques of heavy metals in atmospheric particulate matter are promoted to develop toward being real-time, fast, low-detection-limit, direct-measurement and simple-operation due to the spatial and temporal distribution difference of the heavy metals in atmospheric particles and human requirement for improvement of ambient air quality as well as rapid development of modern instrument science and technology.