Photocatalytic reduction of chromium(VI) in aqueous solution using dye-sensitized nanoscale ZnO under visible light irradiation

Photocatalytic removal of Cr⁶⁺ from aqueous solution using dye-sensitized nanoscale ZnO under visible light irradiation was studied in this work. First, nanoscale ZnO was prepared by the co-precipitation method. Then, sensitization of nanoscale ZnO by Alizarin Red S dye followed. Further, nanoscale ZnO and dye-sensitized nanoscale ZnO (designated nanoZnO and nanoZnO*, respectively) were both characterized by various photospectrometry methods, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS), EDS-mapping, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). It was found that both types of prepared particles are spherical in shape with a size range of 20 to 50 nm. XRD patterns showed that both nanoZnO and nanoZnO* had the same crystalline structure of zincite. In the photocatalytic reduction aspect, effects of different light sources and dosage of nanoZnO* on Cr⁶⁺ reduction (Cr⁶⁺]_initial = 20 mg/L) were evaluated in this work. Treatment of chromium(VI)-bearing wastewater under the conditions of using 1.0 g/L of nanoZnO*, neutral pH, irradiation of household fluorescence lamps for 6 h and 17 h would yield Cr⁶⁺ removal efficiencies of about 68% and 90%, respectively. When the household fluorescence lamps were replaced by visible-light lamps of 400–500 nm in wavelength, the corresponding removal efficiencies dropped to about 50% and 75%, respectively. When nanoZnO* was irradiated by sunlight under almost the same experimental conditions, the Cr⁶⁺ reduction efficiency increased up to 90%. In summary, sensitizing nanoscale ZnO with Alizarin Red S dye for photocatalytic applications using visible light is feasible. The relevant reaction mechanism and pathways were also proposed in this work.