Solution processed Al-doped ZnO and its performance in dye sensitized solar cells

Al-doped ZnO rods of nanometer to sub-micrometer size range have been successfully synthesized by a simple yet cost-effective solution processed sonochemical technique. Systematic XRD analysis established the solid solubility limit for Al in the ZnO lattice to be ca. 3 mol% at an elevated annealing temperature of 800 °C. The secondary ZnAl₂O₄ phase appears with increasing dopant concentrations and at lower annealing temperatures. Significant variations in the optoelectronic properties are induced by modifications in the surface defects of ZnO rods as a result of Al doping. As a consequence, an improved fill factor (FF) of 74.78 and 75.76% with a conversion efficiency (η) of 1.59 and 1.79% have been achieved for the fabricated DSSC devices made of the 800 °C annealed ZnO rods doped by 1 and 3 mol% Al, respectively.