PM2.5 in China: Measurements,sources, visibility and health effects,and mitigation |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, 250100, Ji''nan, Shandong Province, China;2. Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China;1. Centre for Urban Planning and Transport Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China;2. CIAGEB - Global Change, Energy, Environment and Bioengineering Center, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal;3. INESC TEC – INESC Technology and Science and FEUP- Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal;1. School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China;2. Department of Tourism and Geography, Tongren University, Tongren, Guizhou Province, 554300, China;1. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China;2. University of Michigan - Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai 200240, PR China;1. Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India;2. Environmental Monitoring Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India |
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| Abstract: | 
Concern over the health effects of fine particles in the ambient environment led the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to develop the first standard for PM2.5 (particulate matter less than 2.5 μm) in 1997. The Particle Technology Laboratory at the University of Minnesota has helped to establish the PM2.5 standard by developing many instruments and samplers to perform atmospheric measurements. In this paper, we review various aspects of PM2.5, including its measurement, source apportionment, visibility and health effects, and mitigation. We focus on PM2.5 studies in China and where appropriate, compare them with those obtained in the U.S. Based on accurate PM2.5 sampling, chemical analysis, and source apportionment models, the major PM2.5 sources in China have been identified to be coal combustion, motor vehicle emissions, and industrial sources. Atmospheric visibility has been found to correlate well with PM2.5 concentration. Sulfate, ammonium, and nitrate carried by PM2.5, commonly found in coal burning and vehicle emissions, are the dominant contributors to regional haze in China. Short-term exposure to PM2.5 is strongly associated with the increased risk of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in China. The strategy for PM2.5 mitigation must be based on reducing the pollutants from the two primary sources of coal-fired power plants and vehicle emissions. Although conventional Particulate Emission Control Devices (PECD) such as electrostatic precipitators in Chinese coal-fired power plants are generally effective for large particles, most of them may not have high collection efficiency of PM2.5. Baghouse filtration is gradually incorporated into the PECD to increase the PM2.5 collection efficiency. By adopting stringent vehicle emissions standard such as Euro 5 and 6, the emissions from vehicles can be gradually reduced over the years. An integrative approach, from collaboration among academia, government, and industries, can effectively manage and mitigate the PM2.5 pollution in China. |
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| Keywords: | Atmospheric particle size distribution Source apportionment models Coal-fired power plant Particle emission control devices (PECD) Baghouse filtration Integrative approach |
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