Cascading failures in congested complex networks with feedback

In this article, we investigate cascading failures incomplex networks by introducing a feedback. To characterize theeffect of the feedback, we define a procedure that involves aself-organization of trip distribution during the process ofcascading failures. For this purpose, user equilibrium with variabledemand is used as an alternative way to determine the traffic flowpattern throughout the network. Under the attack, cost functiondynamics are introduced to discuss edge overload in complex networks,where each edge is assigned a finite capacity (controlled byparameter α). We find that scale-free networks withoutconsidering the effect of the feedback are expected to be verysensitive to α as compared with random networks, while thissituation is largely improved after introducing the feedback.