Investigation of the effect of polymeric additives on turbulent friction at sharp changes of section in pipe flow

The effect of polymeric additives on the turbulent flow of water through pipes has been experimentally investigated in the presence of local resistances in the form of orifices and sudden expansions and contractions of the flow at several values of the area ratio and at various concentrations of different polymers. At the experimental values of the Reynolds number Re10⁴ the motion is self-similar. It is these regimes that are characteristic of the turbulent flows of most practical interest.Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR. Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 2, pp. 153–156, March–April, 1972.