Hillock formation by surface diffusion on thin silver films |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Mechanical Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, South Africa;2. Department of Chemical, Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Botswana University, Botswana |
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| Abstract: | The kinetics of hillock formation on silver films annealed in oxygen have been observed by recording the point of substantial completion of their growth. The effects of temperature and film thickness are accounted for in a quantitative model which describes hillock growth as proceeding by surface diffusion to reduce compressive stresses caused by differential thermal expansion between film and substrate. The effects of oxygen atmospheres are accounted for in terms of the energetics of hillock nucleation, and the mechanism of surface diffusion in oxygen is discussed. |
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