Nanovaccines for cancer immunotherapy: Current knowledge and future perspectives |
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| Affiliation: | 1. School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China;2. Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland;3. State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China;1. College of Chemistry and Material Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Nature Products and Synthesis for Functional Molecules, Innovation Team of Optical Functional Molecular Devices, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China;2. College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China;1. Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China;2. Shenzhen Innovation Center for Small Molecule Drug Discovery Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518110, China;3. Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China;4. Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China;5. Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China;1. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China;2. State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China;1. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China;2. College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China |
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| Abstract: | 
Cancer immunotherapy harnesses the immune system to attack tumors and has received extensive attention in recent years. Cancer vaccines as an important branch of immunotherapy are designed for delivering tumor antigens to antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to stimulate a strong immune response to against tumors, representing a potentially therapeutic and prophylactic effect with the long-term anti-cancer benefits. Nevertheless, the disappointing outcomes of their clinical use might be attributed to dilemma in antigen selection, immunogenicity, lymph nodes (LNs) targeting ability, lysosomal escape ability, immune evasion, etc. Nanotechnology, aiming to overcome these barriers, has been utilized in cancer vaccine development for decades. Numerous preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate positive results in nanomaterials-based cancer vaccines with considerable improvement in the vaccine efficacy. In this review, we systematically introduced the characteristics of nanovaccines and highlighted the different types of nanomaterials used for cancer vaccine design. In addition, the opportunities and challenges of the emerging nanotechnology-based cancer vaccines were discussed. |
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