Valence electron shake-up in photoelectron spectra

Valence electron shake-up phenomena are important in ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy because extra bands are formed which may complicate the interpretation, and because the primary bands are displaced in energy which may invalidate comparisons with calculated ionization energies. It would be of value during experimental work to have access to simple methods for an approximate estimation of these effects. Such methods are presented here together with applications to the photoelectron spectra of ethylene and benzene.