Catalytic diesel particulate filters reduce the in vitro estrogenic activity of diesel exhaust |
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Authors: | Daniela Wenger Andreas C Gerecke Norbert V Heeb Hanspeter Naegeli Renato Zenobi |
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Institution: | (1) Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland;(2) Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;(3) Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland |
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Abstract: | An in vitro reporter gene assay based on human breast cancer T47D cells (ER-CALUX) was applied to examine the ability of diesel exhaust to induce or inhibit estrogen receptor (ER)-mediated gene expression. Exhaust from a heavy-duty diesel engine was either treated by iron- or copper/iron-catalyzed diesel particulate filters (DPFs) or studied as unfiltered exhaust. Collected samples included particle-bound and semivolatile constituents of diesel exhaust. Our findings show that all of the samples contained compounds that were able to induce ER-mediated gene expression as well as compounds that suppressed the activity of the endogenous hormone 17beta-estradiol (E2). Estrogenic activity prevailed over antiestrogenic activity. We found an overall ER-mediated activity of 1.63 +/- 0.31 ng E2 CALUX equivalents (E2-CEQs) per m(3) of unfiltered exhaust. In filtered exhaust, we measured 0.74 +/- 0.07 (iron-catalyzed DPF) and 0.55 +/- 0.09 ng E2-CEQ m(-3) (copper/iron-catalyzed DPF), corresponding to reductions in estrogenic activity of 55 and 66%, respectively. Our study demonstrates that both catalytic DPFs lowered the ER-mediated endocrine-disrupting potential of diesel exhaust. |
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Keywords: | Diesel exhaust Diesel particles Diesel particulate filter In vitro reporter gene assay Estrogen receptor Estrogenic activity |
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