Detection of diminished response to cold pressor test in smokers: Assessment using phase-contrast cine magnetic resonance imaging of the coronary sinus |
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Authors: | Shingo Kato Kakuya Kitagawa Yeonyee E. Yoon Hiroshi Nakajima Motonori Nagata Shinichi Takase Shiro Nakamori Masaaki Ito Hajime Sakuma |
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Affiliation: | 1. Department of Radiology, Mie University Hospital, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan;2. Department of Cardiology, Mie University Hospital, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan |
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Abstract: | PurposeThe purposes of this study were to evaluate the reproducibility for measuring the cold pressor test (CPT)-induced myocardial blood flow (MBF) alteration using phase-contrast (PC) cine MRI, and to determine if this approach could detect altered MBF response to CPT in smokers.Materials and methodsAfter obtaining informed consent, ten healthy male non-smokers (mean age: 28 ± 5 years) and ten age-matched male smokers (smoking duration ≥ 5 years, mean age: 28 ± 3 years) were examined in this institutional review board approved study. Breath-hold PC cine MR images of the coronary sinus were obtained with a 3 T MR imager with 32 channel coils at rest and during a CPT performed after immersing one foot in ice water. MBF was calculated as coronary sinus flow divided by the left ventricular (LV) mass which was given as a total LV myocardial volume measured on cine MRI multiplied by the specific gravity (1.05 g/mL).ResultsIn non-smokers, MBF was 0.86 ± 0.25 mL/min/g at rest, with a significant increase to 1.20 ± 0.36 mL/min/g seen during CPT (percentage change of MBF (?MBF (%)); 39.2% ± 14.4%, p < 0.001). Inter-study reproducibility for ?MBF (%) measurements by different MR technologist was good, as indicated by the intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.93 and reproducibility coefficient of 10.5%. There was no significant difference between smokers and non-smokers for resting MBF (0.85 ± 0.32 mL/min/g, p = 0.91). However, ?MBF (%) in smokers was significantly reduced (-4.0 ± 32.2% vs. 39.2 ± 14.4%, p = 0.011).ConclusionPC cine MRI can be used to reproducibly quantify MBF response to CPT and to detect impaired flow response in smokers. This MR approach may be useful for monitoring the sequential change of coronary blood flow in various potentially pathologic conditions and for investigating its relationship with cardiovascular risk. |
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Keywords: | ATP, adenosine triphosphate CAD, coronary artery disease CPT, cold pressor test LV, left ventricle MBF, myocardial blood flow ?MBF, change of MBF by CPT as compared with resting MBF ?MBF (%), percentage change of MBF by CPT as compared with resting MBF MR, magnetic resonance NO, nitric oxide PC, phase-contrast PET, positron emission tomography RPP, rate pressure product VCG, vector-electrocardiographic |
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