Three-dimensional imaging of proton gradients at microelectrode surfaces using confocal laser scanning microscopy |
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| Institution: | 1. Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Química Fina y Nanoquímica IUIQFN, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie Anexo, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain;2. Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany;1. Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720;2. Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720;3. Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401;4. Quantum Simulations Group, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551 |
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| Abstract: | The first use of fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) to image three-dimensional pH gradients at electrode surfaces is described, using the reduction of benzoquinone (BQ) to hydroquinone in aqueous solution as an example. The associated local pH changes accompanying the process have been imaged using a trace amount of fluorescein, which has a pH-dependent fluorescent signal. Images recorded in x–y–z space, allow pH profiles to be obtained as a function of applied electrode potential. Experimentally determined profiles measured when BQ is reduced at a diffusion-limited rate are shown to be in good agreement with predictions from numerical simulation. Future applications of CLSM for pH imaging at electrode surfaces and its use in scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) are highlighted briefly. |
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