Characterization of carbon nanotubes and analytical methods for their determination in environmental and biological samples: A review |
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| Authors: | C. Herrero-Latorre,J. Á lvarez-Mé ndezAuthor VitaeJ. Barciela-Garcí aAuthor Vitae,S. Garcí a-Martí nAuthor VitaeR.M. Peñ a-CrecenteAuthor Vitae |
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| Affiliation: | Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Departmento Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias, Alfonso X el Sabio s/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain |
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| Abstract: | ![]()
In the present paper, a critical overview of the most commonly used techniques for the characterization and the determination of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is given on the basis of 170 references (2000–2014). The analytical techniques used for CNT characterization (including microscopic and diffraction, spectroscopic, thermal and separation techniques) are classified, described, and illustrated with applied examples. Furthermore, the performance of sampling procedures as well as the available methods for the determination of CNTs in real biological and environmental samples are reviewed and discussed according to their analytical characteristics. In addition, future trends and perspectives in this field of work are critically presented. |
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| Keywords: | AD, arc discharge AFM, atomic force microscopy BAC, benzalkonium chloride BC, black carbon bmimBF4, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate CB, cyanobacteria CE, capillary electrophoresis CFF, cross flow filtration CNT, carbon nanotube CPCl, cetylpyridinium chloride c-SWCNT, carboxylic single-walled carbon nanotube CTAB, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide CTAC, hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride CTAT, hexadecyltrimethylammonium p-toluenesulfonate CTO-375, chemothermal oxidation method CVD, chemical vapor deposition DDBS, dodecyl benzenesulfonate DGU, density gradient ultracentrifugation DIOCT, dioctyl sulfosuccinate DOC, deoxycholate DOS, electronic density of states EDS, energy dispersive spectroscopy EFM, electronic force microscopy FFF, field flow fractionation FS, fluorescence spectroscopy FT-IR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy HATD, hydrogen-assisted thermal degradations HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography HPMC, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose HRB, total height of the band ICP-MS, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry IR, infrared spectroscopy LA, laser ablation LDOS, local electronic density of states LOD, limit of detection LOQ, limit of quantification MIH, microwave-induced heating MS, mass spectrometry MWCNT, multi-walled carbon nanotubes NAA, neutron activation analysis NaDDBS, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate ND, neutron diffraction NIR, near infrared spectroscopy NIRF, near infrared fluorescence spectroscopy NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis PTA, programmed thermal analysis RB, resonant band RS, Raman spectroscopy RSD, residual standard deviation SC, sodium cholate SDBS, sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate SDC, sodium deoxycholate SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate SEC, size exclusion chromatography SEM, scanning electron microscopy SERS, surface enhanced Raman scattering SPM, scanning probe microscopy SS-GFAAS, solid-sample graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry STM, scanning tunneling microscopy SWCNT, single-walled carbon nanotubes TERS, tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy TDOC, sodium taurodeoxy cholate TEM, transmission electron microscopy TGA, thermogravimetric analysis THF, tetrahydrofuran TPO, temperature programmed oxidation UA, urban air UC, ultracentrifugation UV&ndash vis, ultraviolet&ndash visible spectroscopy WRB, half-height of the band XPS, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy XRD, X-ray diffraction |
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