Optical signal path delay fluctuations caused by atmospheric turbulence

We report the first direct measurements, to our knowledge, of optical signal path delay fluctuations caused by optical turbulence in the atmosphere. The experiments were based on satellite laser ranging. Our initial motivation was to identify all the random error contributors in satellite laser ranging. We measured and identified the random path fluctuations caused by the atmosphere in the range of units of picoseconds. An appropriate fluctuation model was developed.