Efficient electrocatalytic intramolecular anion radical cyclobutanation reactions

Electrochemically initiated, intramolecular anion radical cyclobutanations of bis(enones) and related substrates are presented. The formation of novel anion radical Diels-Alder adducts in minor amounts is also observed. Total yields of pericyclic products, which include both cis- and trans-cyclobutanes and a single Diels-Alder adduct, are generally high (51-88%), with electrocatalytic factors in the range of 1.5-5. Mechanistically, strong evidence for the intervention of distonic anion radical intermediates as precursors of both types of pericyclic products is presented. The scope and limitations of these reactions are rather extensively explored and defined, and in particular the tendency, in some cases, for electrogenerated base-catalyzed reactions to compete with these anion radical pericyclic reactions.