低雷诺数下钝体三维尾迹中的涡量符号律

钝体是目前各种工程中广泛应用的一种结构.钝体绕流的尾迹涡动力学也是经典的流体力学研究对象之一.本文通过直接数值模拟,针对低雷诺数下各种钝体结构的不可压缩绕流,当形成三维尾迹时,研究具有特定符号的涡量分布特征.通过分析两类钝体结构,基本的直柱体和受到几何扰动的柱体,总结并得到了更为广泛适用的涡量符号律.通过对比并分析这两类钝体结构,结合理论证明的结果,进一步厘清了对产生涡量符号律的这两类钝体结构之间的内在物理关联,即引起自然失稳的小扰动在惯性力作用下产生的表面涡量只能向下游演化发展,而几何扰动则根据扰动位置,产生的表面涡量可以向扰动上游或下游演化发展.从而可以推测所有钝体结构尾迹中的各种型式的涡脱落模态,从涡量符号律的演化角度来看,实际上是一致的,都是起源于壁面产生特定符号组合规律的∏型涡.

Vorticity sign law in three-dimensional wake of bluff body at low Reynolds number

Bluff bodies possess many engineering applications.The flow past a bluff body is a classical issue in fluid mechanics.In most of previous studies,the role of streamwise vorticity is mainly stressed in three-dimensional wake flow,such as in the physical origin of streamwise vortices in the mode A,and the complete suppression of alternatively shedding Kármán vortices under the effect of geometric disturbances introduced in the bluff body.However,through the careful investigation of two examples above,the vertical vorticity actually plays a key role.Furthermore,there is a physical phenomenon,special relationship among dominant vorticity components with specific signs or vorticity sign law,occurring in the wake of a bluff body with geometric disturbances.In the present paper,through direct numerical simulations at low Reynolds numbers,such a phenomenon is summarized in two kinds of cylinders,i.e.basic straight cylinder and geometrically disturbed cylinder.Two typical cross-sections are examined,including the circular and square sections.Three sub-regimes(front surfaces,shear layers and wake)are mainly investigated.The numerical results show that two generalized vorticity sign laws exist in the wake of a bluff body.For example,the first sign law shows that the sign of streamwise vorticity is always the same as that of vertical vorticity in the upper shear layer,but opposite in the lower shear layer.The second sign law shows that the sign combination of three components of vorticity is always negative in the shear layers and wake.As for the physical mechanism of sign laws appearing in the present two kinds of cylinders,the main difference between the small perturbance which induces the natural three-dimensional instability and the geometric disturbance leads to the evolution of generated surface vorticity under the effect of inertial forces.These generalized sign laws have been already verified theoretically in the previous work recently.Moreover,sign laws also indicate that the different vortex-shedding patterns in the wake of different bluff bodies are inherently identical from the point of vorticity sign.Considering the physical fact that the wall is the only source of new vorticity in the present vortex dynamics,the theoretical results also indicate that the ∏-type vortex with specific groups of vorticity components is a basic vortex pattern generated on the walls,once the three-dimensional wake first appears in the wake at low Reynolds number.