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Methods for Characterizing the 3-D Morphology of Polymer Composites
Authors:Thomas Koch  Dietmar Salaberger  Armin Zankel  Herbert Reingruber  Andreas Steiger-Thirsfeld  Yulia Voronko  Sabine Seidler
Affiliation:1. Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Vienna University of Technology, Favoritenstrasse 9-11, 1040 Vienna, Austria;2. School of Engineering/Environmental Sciences, Upper Austria University of Applied Sciences, Stelzhamerstrasse 23, 4600 Wels, Austria;3. Institute for Electron Microscopy, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria;4. USTEM, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10, 1040 Vienna, Austria
Abstract:
3-dimensional visualization of polymer morphology is of increasing interest in the polymer community because it provides a deeper insight into the arrangement of the phases in heterophasic polymeric materials, for example in composites. Depending on the size of the fillers, an adequate method offering a good compromise between suitable resolution and observable volume must be selected. Different polypropylene composites filled with long glass fibres, mica and talcum particles were investigated. Four methods were applied to account for the different filler sizes. For composites containing fillers larger than several micrometers, i.e. glass fibres and mica particles, X-ray tomography offers a very good combination of visibility and volume. Serial sectioning by polishing in combination with light optical microscopy can be an alternative if no X-ray equipment is available. This combined method has the disadvantage, however, that the imaged volume is smaller and involves more effort, which makes it unsuitable for routine observations. The much smaller talcum particles with thicknesses down to 200 nm were investigated by coupling focused ion beam (FIB) milling and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and by insitu ultramicrotomy in the SEM. Both methods led to good and comparable results.
Keywords:focused ion beam  insitu ultramicrotomy  polymer composites  sectioning  X-ray tomography
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