马克思和阿伦特论“犹太人问题”

犹太人问题从来就不是一个固定的、指向明确的问题，但“犹太人问题”在历史上却始终是一个问题。如何解决“犹太人问题”？马克思从19世纪民族−国家的历史现实出发，对鲍威尔宗教的与世俗化的解决方式进行了反思和批判，进而得出解决犹太人问题必须在全人类解放的大背景下才能实现。通过将宗教问题还原为政治问题，将政治问题还原为市民社会对金钱的追求，马克思认为只有在实现了人的全面发展，也就是摆脱了资本的羁绊后，犹太人才可能获得真正的解放，这是一种“社会主义的解决方式”。而阿伦特则从对极权主义统治的反思，及构建一种“犹太家园”的可能方式出发，得出了一种基于“委员会制度”的“共和主义的解决方式”。在阿伦特看来，这种制度不仅是犹太人问题的解决方式，同时也是一种替代民族−国家和纳粹极权主义的政治形式的可能性，体现出一种新型政治哲学的内在希望。

Marx and Arendt on the Jewish Question

The Jewish question has never been a fixed or a well-directed question, but the “Jewish question” has always been a question in history. How to solve the “Jewish question”? Starting from the historical reality of the nation-state in the 19th century, Marx reflected on and criticized Powell’s religious and secular solutions, then concluded that the solution to the Jewish question must be achieved in the context of the liberation of all mankind. By reducing religious question to political question and political question to the civil society’s pursuit of money, Marx believed that the Jews could be truly liberated only after the all-round development of people was achieved, that is, after they were freed from the fetters of capital, this is a “socialist solution”; Arendt, on the other hand, starting from the reflection on totalitarian rule and the possible way of constructing a “Jewish homeland”, and came up with a “republican solution” based on the “committee system”. According to Arendt, this system is not only a solution to the Jewish question, but also a possibility to replace the political form of nation-state and Nazi totalitarianism, and it represents the inner hope of a new type of political philosophy.