Phonon-induced gaps in graphene and graphite observed by angle-resolved photoemission |
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Authors: | Liu Y Zhang Longxiang Brinkley M K Bian G Miller T Chiang T-C |
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Institution: | Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801-3080, USA. |
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Abstract: | Mapping by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy of the spectral functions of graphite and graphene layers at low temperatures reveals a heretofore unreported gap of ~ 67 meV at normal emission. This gap persists to room temperature and beyond, and diminishes for increasing emission angles. We show that this gap arises from electronic coupling to out-of-plane vibrational modes at the K(ˉ) point in the surface Brillouin zone in accordance with conservation laws and selection rules governed by quantum mechanics. Our study suggests a new approach for characterizing phonons and electron-phonon coupling in solids. |
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