2-IPMA Ameliorates PM2.5-Induced Inflammation by Promoting Primary Ciliogenesis in RPE Cells |
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Authors: | Ji Yeon Choi Ji-Eun Bae Joon Bum Kim Doo Sin Jo Na Yeon Park Yong Hwan Kim Ha Jung Lee Seong Hyun Kim So Hyun Kim Hong Bae Jeon Hye-Won Na Hyungjung Choi Hong-Yeoul Ryu Zae Young Ryoo Hyun-Shik Lee Dong-Hyung Cho |
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Affiliation: | 1.BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.Y.C.); (J.B.K.); (D.S.J.); (N.Y.P.); (Y.H.K.); (H.J.L.); (S.H.K.); (S.H.K.); (H.-Y.R.); (Z.Y.R.); (H.-S.L.);2.Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea;3.Stem Cell Institute, ENCell Co. Ltd., Seoul 06072, Korea;4.R&D Center AMOREPACIFIC Corporation, Yongin 17074, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (H.-W.N.); (H.C.) |
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Abstract: | Primary cilia mediate the interactions between cells and external stresses. Thus, dysregulation of primary cilia is implicated in various ciliopathies, e.g., degeneration of the retina caused by dysregulation of the photoreceptor primary cilium. Particulate matter (PM) can cause epithelium injury and endothelial dysfunction by increasing oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Previously, we showed that PM disrupts the formation of primary cilia in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. In the present study, we identified 2-isopropylmalic acid (2-IPMA) as a novel inducer of primary ciliogenesis from a metabolite library screening. Both ciliated cells and primary cilium length were increased in 2-IPMA-treated RPE cells. Notably, 2-IPMA strongly promoted primary ciliogenesis and restored PM2.5-induced dysgenesis of primary cilia in RPE cells. Both excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and activation of a stress kinase, JNK, by PM2.5 were reduced by 2-IPMA. Moreover, 2-IPMA inhibited proinflammatory cytokine production, i.e., IL-6 and TNF-α, induced by PM2.5 in RPE cells. Taken together, our data suggest that 2-IPMA ameliorates PM2.5-induced inflammation by promoting primary ciliogenesis in RPE cells. |
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Keywords: | primary cilia 2-IPMA particulate matter (PM2.5) inflammation RPE cells |
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