Toward a Turbulence Constitutive Relation for Geophysical Flows

Rapidly rotating turbulent flows are frequently in approximate geostrophic balance. Single-point turbulence closures, in general, are not consistent with a geostrophic balance. This article addresses and resolves the possibility of a constitutive relation for single-point second-order closures for classes of rotating and stratified flows relevant to geophysics. Physical situations in which a geostrophic balance is attained are described. Closely related issues of frame-indifference, horizontal divergence, and the Taylor–Proudman theorem are discussed. It is shown that, in the absence of vortex stretching along the axis of rotation, turbulence is frame-indifferent. Unfortunately, no turbulence closures are consistent with this frame-indifference that is frequently an important feature of rotating or quasi-geostrophic flows. A derivation and discussion of the geostrophic constraint which ensures that the modeled second-moment equations are frame-invariant, in the appropriate limit, is given. It is shown that rotating, stratified, and shallow water flows are situations in which such a constitutive relation procedure is useful. A nonlinear nonconstant coefficient representation for the rapid-pressure strain covariance appearing in the Reynolds stress and heat flux equations, consistent with the geostrophic balance, is described. The rapid-pressure strain closure features coefficients that are not constants determined by numerical optimization but are functions of the state of turbulence as parametrized by the Reynolds stresses and the turbulent heat fluxes as is required by tensor representation theory. These issues are relevant to baroclinic and barotropic atmospheric and oceanic flows. The planetary boundary layers in which there is a transition, with height or depth, from a thermally or shear driven turbulence to a geostrophic turbulence is a classic geophysical example to which the considerations in this article are relevant. Received 14 October 1996 and accepted 9 June 1997