Ultrasound-assisted extraction of saffron bioactive compounds; separation of crocins,picrocrocin, and safranal optimized by artificial bee colony |
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Institution: | 1. Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran;2. Research Institute of Food Science and Technology (RIFST), Mashhad, Iran;3. Department of Electrical and Medical Engineering, Khayyam University, Mashhad, Iran;4. Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, E-32004 Ourense, Spain;5. Department of Food Materials and Process Design Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran;6. Food and Nutritional Sciences Program, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, E. Market Street, 1601, Greensboro, NC 24711, USA |
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Abstract: | In this work, a four-factor five-level full factorial central composite design (CCD) was used to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of saffron major components, namely picrocrocin, safranal and crocin. The process parameters included ethanol concentration (0–100%), extraction time (2–10 min), duty cycle (0.2–1.0) and ultrasonic amplitude (20–100%). The extracted compounds were measured both by spectrophotometry and chromatography techniques. The results revealed that the middle concentrations of ethanol and relatively long process durations along with high duty cycles and ultrasonic amplitudes had the most profound impact on the yields of the extracted bioactives. UAE was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial bee colony (ABC); a comparison between these methods indicated their optimization power was approximately the same. According to the RSM analysis, an ethanol concentration of 58.58%, extraction time of 6.85 min, duty cycle of 0.82 and amplitude of 91.11% were the optimum extraction conditions, while the optimal conditions resulting from ABC were 53.07%, 7.32 min, 0.93 and 100% for the UAE variables respectively. Finally, HPLC analysis was carried out on the UAE optimum extract resulting from RSM. Four crocetin esters were detected in the optimal extract. |
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Keywords: | Picrocrocin Safranal Crocin Response surface methodology Ultrasound Saffron Artificial bee colony |
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