Liquid chromatography methodologies for the determination of steroid hormones in aquatic environmental systems |
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| Institution: | 1. Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China;2. State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China;3. Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China;4. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;1. Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia;2. School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia;3. Laboratory of Halal Science Research, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia;4. Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia;1. Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China;2. Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China;1. UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;2. Área Técnico-Científica de Farmácia, Núcleo de Investigação e Intervenção em Farmácia (NIIF), Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente (CISA), Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde do Porto (ESTSP) – Instituto Politécnico do Porto (IPP), Rua Valente Perfeito 322, 4400-330 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal;3. LCM – Laboratório de Catálise e Materiais - Laboratório Associado LSRE-LCM, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal |
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| Abstract: | Steroid hormones are a diverse group of natural and synthetic compounds. Their wide use in human and veterinary medicine results in their continual introduction into the environment. In recent years, environmental concern over steroids that act as endocrine disruptors has increased because of their adverse effects on organisms or their progeny. Moreover, as these compounds are not totally removed from sewage in wastewater treatment plants, they can reach the aquatic environment and persist due to their physicochemical characteristics.For this reason, a major trend in analytical chemistry is the development of rapid and efficient procedures for the extraction, determination and quantification of steroid hormones in environmental samples. Over the past few decades, the significant expansion of liquid chromatography technology utilizing mass spectrometry detection has led to applications with increased selectivity and sensitivity. Optimized extraction and microextraction techniques combined to these liquid chromatography techniques have lowered detection and quantification limits to the ng L−1–μg L−1 range, which is the concentration of steroid hormones in liquid, solid and biota samples.In this paper, the state-of-the-art techniques for the analysis of steroid hormones focused mainly in based liquid chromatography methods in liquid and aquatic solid and biota samples are reviewed. Handling, storage, extraction and detection methodologies are reviewed and compared for all families of steroid hormones. |
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| Keywords: | Steroid hormones Liquid chromatography Extraction methods Aquatic environment |
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