Rejection of phosphates by a ZrO2 ultrafiltration membrane |
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| Institution: | 1. Water Resources and Environmental Studies Center, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil;2. Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany;3. Institute of Marine Science, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil;4. Centrum for Applied GeoSciences, University of Tübingen, Germany;5. Civil Engineering Department, Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil;6. Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil;1. School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Distillation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering(Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China;2. Hualu Engineering & Technology CO., LTD., Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710065, China;1. Metabolic and Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory (LEMeB), Faculty of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil;2. Engineering School of Lorena, USP, Lorena, SP, Brazil;1. Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health;2. Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore;3. Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore;4. Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA;5. Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA;6. Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA |
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| Abstract: | The potential of using ultrafiltration for separation of salt solutions has been explored. Solutions of phosphates were filtered through commercially available ZrO2 ultrafiltration membranes, with a cut-off value of 15 kD. In the experiments, effects of cross flow, permeate flux, pH and ionic strength of the solution on rejection were the main items of interest. The process is modelled using the Maxwell-Stefan equations for mass transfer, accounting for the three different driving forces that govern the process (gradients in electrical potential, pressure and concentrations). The rejections observed for the phosphate ions were surprisingly high (up to 80%) considering the cut-off value of the membrane used. They were also strongly influenced by the ionic strength of the solution, indicating that electrical effects are important. The rejection curves are well described by the Maxwell-Stefan model, in which the charge of the membrane was assumed to be dependent upon solute concentration according to a Freundlich isotherm. The model is also able to describe the effect of concentration polarisation in the liquid boundary layer in front of the membrane. |
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