Disposable screen-printed sensors modified with bismuth precursor compounds for the rapid voltammetric screening of trace Pb(II) and Cd(II) |
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Authors: | Nikolitsa Lezi Anastasios Economou Panagiotis A Dimovasilis Pantelis N Trikalitis Mamas I Prodromidis |
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Institution: | 1. Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Athens 157 71, Greece;2. Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 451 10, Greece;3. Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece |
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Abstract: | In this article, a study of novel screen-printed electrodes bulk-modified with five potential bismuth precursor compounds (bismuth citrate, bismuth titanate, bismuth oxide, bismuth aluminate and bismuth zirconate) is presented for the determination of Cd(II) and Pb(II) by anodic stripping voltammetry. During the electrolytic deposition step, the precursor was reduced and served as the source of bismuth. Different key parameters were investigated in detail such as the nature of the bismuth precursor compound, the precursor content in the carbon ink, the polarisation range of the sensors, the supporting electrolyte, the stripping waveform, the deposition time, the deposition potential and the long-term stability of the sensors under continuous use. Using bismuth citrate as the precursor, the limit of detection was 0.9 μg L−1 for Pb(II) and 1.1 μg L−1 for Cd(II). The reproducibility on the same sensor (expressed as % relative standard deviation, (n = 8)) was 5.4% for Pb(II) and 7.2% for Cd(II) at the 20 μg L−1 level. Finally, the sensors were applied to the determination of Cd(II) and Pb(II) in water samples. |
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Keywords: | Screen-printed electrodes Bismuth precursors Cd(II) and Pb(II) Anodic stripping voltammetry |
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