Stacking interactions between nitrogen-containing six-membered heterocyclic aromatic rings and substituted benzene: studies in solution and in the solid state

The stacking interactions between an aromatic ring and a pyridine or a pyrimidine ring are studied by using a series of triptycene-derived scaffolds. The indicative ratios of the syn and anti conformers were determined by variable-temperature NMR spectroscopy. The syn conformer aligns the attached aromatic ring and the heterocycle in a parallel-displaced orientation while the anti conformer sets the two rings apart from each other. Comparing to the corresponding control compounds where a benzene ring is in the position of the heterocycle, higher attractive interactions are observed as indicated by the higher syn/anti ratios. In general, the attractive interactions are much less sensitive to the substituent effects than the corresponding nonheterocycles. The greatest attractive interactions were observed between a pyrimidine ring and a N,N-dimethylaminobenzene, consistent with a predominant donor-acceptor interaction. The interactions between a pyridine ring and a substituted benzene ring show that the pyridine is comparable to that of a NO2- or a CN-substituted benzene ring except for the unpredictable substituent effects.