Recent developments in millimeter and submillimeter waves |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 4, place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France;2. Observatoire de Paris, DEMIRM, 61, av. de l''observatoire, 75014 Paris, France;1. Laboratory of Pathophysiology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium;2. Cedars-Sinai Medical Centre, Los Angeles, USA;3. Faculty of Medicine, Rajatrata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka;4. Sri Jayewardenepura General Hospital, Colombo, Sri Lanka;5. Department of Pathology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia;1. GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Section 5.2 – Climate Dynamics and Landscape Evolution, Telegrafenberg, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany;2. Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, BIK-F, TSP6 Evolution and Climate, Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325 Frankfurt a.M., Germany;3. GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Section 3.3 – Chemistry and Physics of Earth Materials, Telegrafenberg, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany;4. Faculty of Earth Sciences, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Strulugata 7, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland;5. Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, GEOMAR, Wischhofstrasse 1-3, D-24148 Kiel, Germany;6. Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Department of Environmental Resources and Geohazards, Kopernika 19, Torun 87-100, Poland |
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| Abstract: | ![]()
Millimeter and submillimeter-wave observations provide important information for the studies of atmospheric chemistry and astrochemistry (molecular clouds, stars formation, galactic study, comets and cosmology). But, these observations depend strongly on instrumentation techniques and on the site quality. New techniques or higher detector performances result in unprecedented observations and, sometimes, the observational needs drive developments of new detector technologies, for example, superconducting junctions (SIS mixers) because of their high sensitivity in heterodyne detection in the millimeter and submillimeter wave range (100–700 GHz), HEB (Hot Electron Bolometer) mixers which are being developed by several groups for application in THz observations. For the sub-millimetre wavelengths heterodyne receivers, the local oscillator (LO) is still a critical element. So far, solid state fundamental sources are often not powerful enough for most of the applications at millimetre or submillimetre wavelengths: large efforts using new planar components (HBV) and integrated circuits, or new technics (laser mixing) are now in progress, in a few groups.The new large projects as SOFIA, FIRST, ALMA, … for astronomy; SMILES, EOS-MLS, … for aeronomy and other projects for the planetary science (ROSETTA, Mars Explorer, …), will benefit of the new developments. |
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