Three-dimensional microfabrication by two-photon-initiated polymerization with a low-cost microlaser

Fabrication of submicrometer structures by two-photon-initiated polymerization is performed with an inexpensive and low-power microlaser. This is made possible by the design of photoinitiators with strong two-photon absorption cross sections. We analyze the influence of both material properties and irradiation conditions on the two-photon polymerization rate and show that resins based on our highly sensitive two-photon photoinitiator can be solidified with microlaser excitation, whereas commercial UV photoresins require ultrashort and intense laser pulses.