High-impact polystyrene/halloysite nanocomposites prepared by emulsion polymerization using sodium dodecyl sulfate as surfactant

In this work, we report on the phase behavior of 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium-ethylsulfate ([emim][etSO(4)])/limonene/polyethylene glycol tert-octylphenyl ether (Triton X-114 or TX-114) microemulsions as a function of ionic liquid (IL) content and temperature. Phase diagrams, conductivity measurements, and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments will be presented. A hydrophilic IL, instead of water is used with the goal to enlarge the temperature range on which stable microemulsions can be formed. Indeed, the system shows remarkably large temperature stability, in particular down to -35 °C. We will emphasize on a comparison with a recently published work about microemulsions composed of [emim][etSO(4)], limonene, and Triton X-100 that to some extent are stable at temperatures well below the freezing point of water. The key parameter responsible for the difference in phase behavior, microstructure, and temperature stability is the average repeating number of ethylene oxide units in the surfactant head group, which is smaller for Triton X-114 compared to Triton X-100. Among the fundamental interest, how the amphiphilicity of the surfactant influences the phase diagram and phase behavior of IL-based microemulsions, the exchange of Triton X-100 by Triton X-114 results in one main advantage: along the experimental path the temperature where phase segregation occurs is significantly lowered leading to single phase microemulsions that exist at temperatures beneath 0 °C.