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Integrated liquid chromatography-heated nebulizer microchip for mass spectrometry
Authors:Markus Haapala,Ville Saarela,Jaroslav Pó  l,Kai Kolari,Sami Franssila,Risto Kostiainen
Affiliation:a Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
b Department of Micro and Nanosciences, School of Science and Technology2, Aalto University, P.O. Box 13500, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
c Laboratory of Molecular Structure Characterization, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
d VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 3, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland
e Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
f Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Science and Technology2, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16200, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
Abstract:A new integrated microchip for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is presented. The chip is made from bonded silicon and glass wafers with structures for a packed LC column channel, a micropillar frit, a channel for optional optical detection, and a heated vaporizer section etched in silicon and platinum heater elements on the glass cover. LC eluent is vaporized and mixed with nebulizer gas in the vaporizer section and the vapor is sprayed out from the chip. Nonpolar and polar analytes can be efficiently ionized in the gas phase by atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) as demonstrated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs). This is not achievable with present LC-MS chips, since they are based on electrospray ionization, which is not able to ionize nonpolar compounds efficiently. The preliminary quantitative performance of the new chip was evaluated in terms of limit of detection (down to 5 ng mL−1), linearity (r > 0.999), and repeatability of signal response (RSD = 2.6-4.0%) and retention time (RSD = 0.3-0.5%) using APPI for ionization and PAHs as standard compounds. Determination of fluorescent compounds is demonstrated by using laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) for detection in the optical detection channel before the vaporizer section.
Keywords:Liquid chromatography   Mass spectrometry   Microchip   Miniaturization   Atmospheric pressure ionization
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