A second-order vibrational model applied to the scattering of electrons and α-particles from 12C

Transition densities for monopole excitations and for virtual excitations are derived in the second-order vibrational model. Form factors for electron scattering calculated in the Born approximation and angular distributions for α-particle scattering, obtained in coupled channel calculations, are compared with experimental results for the elastic scattering and the inelastic scattering from the 2⁺ level at 4.44 MeV, the 0⁺ level at 7.65 MeV and the 3^? level at 9.64 MeV in ¹²C.