Pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in the marine environment: Sources,analytical methods and occurrence |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Marine Chemistry, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, PO. Box 80207, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;2. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food safety and Infection Biology (MatInf), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), PO Box 8146 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway;3. Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, N-5020 Bergen, Norway;4. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Christian M. Falsen veg 1, NO-1432, ÅS, Norway;1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea;2. Marine Environment Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), 216, Gijanghaean-ro, Gijan-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea |
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| Abstract: | The occurrence of pharmaceuticals in the environmental waters is a global concern. There is little research conducted on the monitoring of pharmaceuticals in the marine environment. In this article, the occurrence of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in the coastal waters as well as associated risks related to their uptake by marine organisms are critically reviewed. The literature showed antibiotics as the most plentiful pharmaceuticals in the marine environment. Other therapeutic classes of pharmaceuticals appeared prominently in the marine environment are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and β-blockers, while gemfibrozil and carbamazepine were singled-out as the most studied lipid regulator and antiepileptic, respectively. Some pharmaceuticals have been found present in the marine organisms that are regarded as important food sources for humans. We reviewed the negative effects associated with the presence of pharmaceuticals in the marine environment. This article is concluded by deliberating on the possible future studies in this research niche area. |
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| Keywords: | Pharmaceuticals Metabolites Occurrence Analytical methods Marine environment |
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